GUPTA PROGRAM
Gupta Amygdala Retraining course
http://www.chronicfatiguetreatments.com/wordpress/treatments/amygdala-retraining-gupta-program-interview/
http://www.cfsrecovery.com/html/medicalPaper.asp
Ashok Gupta – hipnoterapevt in tearpevt nevrolingvističnega programa
Njegov program : “Gupta Amygdala Retraining course”, je kombinacija neurolingvističnega programa, meditacijskih vaj, in jogijskih tehnik.
Spodaj je 86 komentarjev na program.
Ali je kdo slučajno kupil DVD-je, ali kaj več ve o tem?
Breda
Tukaj se lahko naroči nekaj brezplačnih video posnetkov o programu:
http://www.cfsrecovery.com/default.asp
Breda
Tole mi je poslal Gupta
Meni se zdi zelo zanimivo. Pravi, da se da našo podzavest preprogramirati, da je telo v manjšem stresu in se potem počutimo veliko bolje.
Dear Breda,
To make it easier for you to view a particular video again, I have included below a list of all the videos in order. I do especially encourage you to rewatch parts of Session 2, the Explanation of ME/CFS, as it can help to understand it better by watching it a second time.
Once again, if you know of other people who would like to view this free online course, please ask them to register on the website, http://www.guptaprogramme.com
Warm regards
Ashok
SESSION 1: PART 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fXqok9sYt8
SESSION 1: PART 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mr-su8V6Ydc
SESSION 1: PART 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IVzKEFeWrw
SESSION 1: PART 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxxyxtatXmU
SESSION 1: PART 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACTrmwqXwuc
SESSION 1: PART 6
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5Sd7VUUe1U
SESSION 2: PART 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEtyMHbf08U
SESSION 2: PART 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYuOXdjaSJY
SESSION 2: PART 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GKA3h56VWc
SESSION 2: PART 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU-rOvhTZxA
SESSION 2: PART 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YhI9eXkTic
SESSION 2: PART 6
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01srRrDqj54
Session 3 – Part 1 – Thomas’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkGn1DqDuw4
Session 3 – Part 2 – Jennifer’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9Eat21syOI
Session 3 – Part 3 – Jan’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoGVDjZDtfg
Session 3 – Part 4 – Drijen’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLC-6KY87_U
Session 3 – Part 5 – Madeline’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zzyse_s_O9Q
Session 3 – Part 6 – Jo’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhsFAJapsyk
Session 3 – Part 7 – Rebecca’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVp5X4qfV2c
Gupta Programme
No.1 Harley Street
London, Greater London
W1G 9QD
GB
Gupta pravi:
Medicinska razlaga :
Vsi imamo zavestni in podzavestni del možganov. Zavestni del- cortex in podzavestni del. Podzavestni del je kombinacija naših spominov, naših telesnih funkcij, naših prepričanj in še več. V naši podzavesti je del možganov imenovan amygdala. Veliko čustvenih reakcij vodi amigdala, vključno strah in jezo. Njena glavna funkcija je zaščititi telo pred nevarnostjo. Informacije iz zunanjega svata prihajajo v možgane preko 5 čutil. Najprej v thalamus, ta pošlje signale v amygdalo. Pri bolnikih z SKU pa je prišlo do motenj. Posledica je ta, da je telo v stalnem stresu, amygdala pošilja napačne informacije do naše zavesti, naša zavest nazaj v podzavest, amygdala zazna to kot stres, in pošlje signale po celem telesu. Tako nastane začaran krog in naše telo je v neprestanem stresu.
Gupta pravi, da je to stanje možganov začasno, da lahko zavestno vplivamo na našo podzavest, da pretreniramo amygdalo, da ne odreagira stresno. Pozdravi se 70 % bolnikov, ostalim se stanje zelo popravi.
Breda
Letos spomladi sem izjavila, da se bom do svojega 60 rojstnega dne, ki bo 8.4.2010 pozdravila. Intenzivno delam na tem in vedno bolj sem prepričana, da mi bo uspelo.
Naročila sem DVD-je.
1. avgusta sem začela delati po : Gupta Amygdala Retraining course. Moja angleščina ni bog ve kaj, saj je že 40 let, odkar sem se je učila v gimnaziji. Pomagam si s slovarjem, pa ka gre. Gupta govori zelo počasi in razločno, kar se lahko vidi tudi na video posnetkih zgoraj.V začetku mi ni bilo vse jasno, ko sem pa gledala video posnetke ponovno, sem vedno več razumela.
Začela sem s prvo vajo NLP-ja. Gupta te vodi korak za korakom, počasi, da ni problem slediti. Lahko vedno ustaviš CD, in pogledaš v knjigo, ali slovar, pa potem nadaljuješ, če ti kaj ni jasno. Poleg DVD-jev dobiš tudi knjigo, ki je v pomoč, v kateri piše vse, kar je na DVD-jih.
Vse skupaj izgleda malo smešno, Kot igra, je pa zabavno. Gupta pravi, da tako, kot se počasi učiš voziti avto, potem, po toliko in toliko urah voziš vedno bolje in ti preide v podzavest, tako počasi, korak za korakom pretreniraš svojo amygdalo, da ne odreagira vedno stesno, in se počasi pozdraviš. Tako je prepričan, da njegova metoda deluje, da lahko po 6 mesecih, če ni nobenega uspeha, paket vrneš, in ti vrne denar.
Vem,da sem na pravi poti.
Breda
Gupta mi je poslal tole pismo:
Dear Breda,
Hope you are well. In early 2008, I was pleased to announce the final results of the Observational Study on the Gupta Programme, which we have written about on our website. After one year, 92% of patients improved on the study, and 67% (two-thirds) of patients went onto make a full recovery or close to that mark. The average number of years with the illness was 10.5 years. Many of the recovered patients are already in full time work. Most of the patients who have not yet achieved a full recovery are still working with the programme, and we will be conducting a follow-up after 2 years, where we do expect that the recovery rate will be higher.
The medical paper has been sent to be peer reviewed for publication, and I shall keep you informed of when and where it will be published. I want to emphasise that this study was not a full medical trial incorporating a control, so we are currently applying to various institutions for an independent study. Our aim is to create the best definitive study that can analyse the effectiveness of Gupta Amygdala Retraining, so that patients can make an informed decision about whether to undergo the programme – having the programme independently scientifically validated is important to me. Currently the programme is spreading through word of mouth, as patients who get better inform friends and family, and fellow sufferers.
If you know of any institutions or researchers who would be interested in conducting a study, please do let us know.
Once again, I shall send you an email once the paper is published,
Warm regards
Ashok
Konec pisma.
Morda je to najboljši program, kar jih je za zdravljenje SKU in FM. Treba je pa delati. Ni to, da vsak dan zjutraj poješ eno tableto, pa imaš ves dan mir. Tistim, ki imajo voljo, da se pozdravijo, znajo vsaj malo angleško, malo si lahko pomagajo s slovarjem, priporočam, da kupijo CD-je. Gupta govori počasi in razločno. Poleg DVD-jev pa je še knjiga, v kateri piše vse, kar govori na DVD-jih, da ti je v pomoč. Trenutno je cena 150 eurov s popustom. Meni se je življenje že v 3 tednih spremenilo precej na bolje. Zelo priporočam. Počasi, gledaš enkrat, pa še enkrat, pa še enkrat, pa ti je vedno bolj jasno. Pol leta treniraš svojo amygdalo, pa postaneš nov človek. Če ne poizkusiš nikoli ne veš. Če ti pa ne uspe, če ti ne pomaga v pol leta, ti pa tako vrne denar, ku mu vrneš DVD-je.
Breda
BREDA POZDRAVLJENA!
TUDI MENE ZELO ZANIMA TA PROGRAM IN MISLIM, DA BI MORAL VSE ČLANE NAŠEGA DRUŠTVA. KOT SEM RAZBRALA IZ PRILOŽENEGA JE TO ZELO USPEŠEN PROGRAM SEVEDA, ČE GA TUDI DELAŠ IN IZVAJAŠ. FM JE VERJETNO RES BOLEZEN ŽIVCEV IN MOŽGANOV /PSIHA/ PREJ KOT LE FIZIČNA BOLEZEN, ČEPRAV BOLEČINE ČUTIMO RAVNO V TELESU.
UPAM, DA SE BO ŠE KDO OPOGUMIL IN NAPISAL KAKŠEN SVOJ PRISPEVEK, KAJ MENI O TEM PROGRAMU-
BREDA HVALA ZA TVOJ TRUD!
Hvala Sonja,
Najprej naprošam Veroniko, da popravi moj PORGAM v PROGRAM.
Potem bi rada brala kakšne komentarje in vprašanja na program, na razlago, kaj je CFS(SKU), kaj se dogaja v možganih. Veronika, Tatjana, kje sta?. Prepričana sem, da je vsaj nekaj takih, ki znajo dovolj angleško, da lahko sledijo video posnetkom. Ali sem res samo jaz navdušena? Res, da program trenutno še ni znanstveno potrjen, pa me to ne moti. Ko bo, bo precej dražji. Znanost je do danes zelo malo naredila zame. Pripravljena sem se pozdraviti tudi brez nje. Prosim, obvestite druge, ki znajo dovolj angleško, da bi razumeli. Morda bi koga zanimalo, pa nima interneta. Rada bi še s kom delila mnenje in izkušnje.
Breda
Draga Breda, ali te lahko prosimo, da bi nam metodo predstavila na septembrskem srečanju v Ljubljani? Na to že ves čas potihem računamo.
Spremljamo tvoje aktivno iskanje in prizadevanje, da za svoje zdravje nekaj storiš predvsem sama. Čestitam ti! Res prisrčna hvala, ker svoje izkušnje deliš z nami! Ljudje smo nagnjeni k temu, da svojih stališč in navad ne spreminjamo na hitro. Prepričana sem, da ti bomo sledili, ko nam boš predstavila še svoje rezultalte. Tiščim pesti, da bi ti uspelo!
Lep pozdrav!
Veronika
Navdušena sem bila Ashokovo razlago SKU.
On pravi takole:
Če poglete tole, kjer so tud slike.
SESSION 2: PART 1
[www.youtube.com]
Slika glave:
kaže :zgornji del možganov : cortex je naša zavest, v sredini je podzavest:hipotalamus in amygdala.
Amygdala uravnava naše čustvene reakcije: strah in jezo.Njena glavna funkcije je obvarovati telo pred nevarnostjo.
5 čutil pošilja signale v našo podzavest-thalamus, ta pa pošlje v amygdalo, ki je prevajalec- tolmač, ki potem ustvari pravilen odgovor. Če je nekaj nevarno, ustvari zaščitni odgovor tako, da se poveže z vsem telesom. Pošlje signale po vsem telesu-znak za alarm.
Npr: če si v gozdu, zagledaš kačo in zbežiš, ko amigdala zazna nevarnost. To je naša podzavest.Toda amigdala mima vedno prav.
Aamigdala pošlje vprašanje na našo zavest: ali je to res, ali je čas za skrb in strah. In naša zavest odgovori- potrdi: ja jaz sem zaskrbljena in amigdala pošlje potem signale po celem telesu v vse organe. Telo je v stesu, naša zavest zazna, da je z nami nekaj narobe, slabo se počutimo, amigdala vpraša našo zavest, če je razlog za nevarnost, naše telo zazna, da se slabo počutimo, in odgovori amigdali pritrdilno, kar povzroči dodaten stres celega telesa.Tako nastene začaran krog. Informacije krožijo iz naše podzavesti v zavest in in zopet nazaj, telo je pa v vedno večjem stresu, kar povzroča zakisanost in slabo slabo počutje. Če pa so naše misli (naša zavest) z nečim intenzivno zaposlene, pa amygdala pošlje vprašanje v zavest, če je čas za alarm, naša zavest pa nima časa odgovarjati, ker je intenzivno zaposlena z nečim durugim, amigdala to razume, da je vse v redu, in ne odreagira stresno. Sploh ne odreagira nič in mi se takrat počutimo skoraj zdarvi. Ko se pa naša zavest neha ukvarjati s tem, kar pač delamo, pa zopet nastane začaran krog, ko naša zavest odgovori podzavesti, da je čas za alarm- stres.
Po nastanku bolezni loči 2 varianti SKU-ja,
bistvo je vedno isto, da se telo navadi odreagirati stresno na vsako situacijo, pride do motenj, amygdala ne odreagira pravilno.
1. zaradi dolgotrajnega fizičnega, psihičnega ali mentalnega stresa, se aša amigdala navadi da skoraj vedno odreagira stresno.
2. če smo zboleli za kakšno boleznijo , virusom(npr EBV), pa se nismo takoj pobrali, pride do post virusnega sindroma utrujenosti. potem zopet pride do motenj, amygdala ne odreagira pravilno.
Gupta pravi, da je to stanje začasno, da se lahko našo amygdalo pretrenira, da ne odragira vednos stresno. To ni terapija, temveč program, kako pretrenirati našo pozavest, prekiniti negativne misli.
To pa doseže z NLP-jem, neurolingvističnim programom, meditcijami in jogo. Mislim, da s temi vajami tudi močno popravi imunski sistem.
Stvar je v tem, kot sem za enkrt ugotovila, da moraš vedno, ko se zalotiš, da razmišljaš o svojem telesu, in o svoji bolezni, to misel takoj odločno prekiniti: STOP, STOP STOP! Naprej ne bom razlagala, ker je treba gledti posnetek.
Prva vaja je name zelo ugodno delovala, tako, da sem kar naenkrat začutila neko notranjo energijo. Misel, da končno nekdo ve, kaj se z menoj dogaja, da me razume, da mi reče, da se bom pozdravila, pa vizualizacija, kako se bom počutila, ko bom zdrava, me je kar dvignila. Kar razganjalo me je od energije in volje, da nekaj spremenim. Ob polnoči sem se lotila pomivanja okna v spalnici, ves vikend sem pospravljala in prala stanovanje, da bom najprej naredila red v stanovanju, potem pa v svoji glavi.
Gupta pravi, da si moraš vzeti čas, piti 2-3 litre vode na dan, vsaj 100x prekiniti negativne misli, hoditi v naravo, se sproščati in nič misliti na bolezen.
Po 6 mesecih pa oceniš stanje, in si nato vzameš še 6 mesecev, da se do konca pozdraviš.
Zakaj se pa 10-15% njegovi hacientov pozdravi, pa še ne ve.
Skratka, pri EFT-ju in pri tem programu gre za isto stvar, samo na malo drugačen način. Gre za to, da preprogramiramo naše misli, našo podzavest.
Pri EFT-ju najprej počistimo vse iz preteklosti, nato se tapkamo na probleme v sedanjasti. Preprogramiramo našo podzavset.
Pri Gupta programu pa preprogramiramo našo pdzavest, da ne odreagira stresno.
Gupta pravi, naj se posvetimo samozdravljenju, naj ne beremo raznih razlag na internetu, ko izvajamo njegov program.
Če ima kdo kakšno vprašanje, prosim.
Na inetnetu sem tudi brala o tem, kako raka povzroča virus, kako so pri FM in SKU virusi po celem telesum v možganih….
Raje se odločim za Guptovo verzijo SKU, je bolj obetajoča, pa bom videla. Če mi ne uspe, bom pa potem iskala viruse po svojem telesu.
Breda
Pismo 15.8.2009 :malo skrajšan prevod
Draga Breda,
Večkrat me vprašajo, zakaj mislim, da je SKU/FM psihično stanje. Pozivajo me, da razložim, kako se moja razlaga o amygdali ujema z drugimi.
Zagotavljam vam, da verjamem, da je SKU/FM resnično psihično stanje, z resničnimi psihičnimi simptomi. Verjamem, da trauma v amygdali in njeni nevrološki efekti povzročajo nenormalnosti v vsakem sistemu in organu v telesu, vključno v imunskem sistemu, hormonskem sistemu, in mišicah. Dejstvo je, da razlaga amygdale posebno govori o stanjih v imunskem sistemu, kjer se imunski sistem nepravilno reaktrivira, ko amygdala sproži stresno odzivanje v telesu.
Lahko se pri nekaterih pacientih zaznajo virusi, bakterije in infekcije in porast protiteles, to je preprosto delo neučinkovitega imunskega sistema, ki povzroča te težave. Obstaja zelo veliko psihičnih opažanj pri pacientih, da se mi zdi logično, da sklepam, da je možno, da obstaja centralni mehanizem v možganih, ki napačno deluje in povzroča te nepravilnosti. Upam, da bodo raziskave v prihodnosti obdelale stanje v amygdali, kot možno razlago za te različne nenormalnosti.
S toplimi pozdravi
Ashok
Po dveh mesecih in pol
Dva meseca poslušam CD zjutraj in zvečer. Ćez dan se pa tapkam, ko imam čas. Na trenutne probleme in za nazaj. Glavobolov, motenj koncentracije in megle v glavi ni več. Moja glava je bistra, polna idej. Kar naprej dobivam nove ideje, kaj bom naredila, in kako bom to naredila. morda sem tudi manj utrujena, Vsaj polovico dneva se počutim zdravo. Življenje se mi zdi lepše. .Bolečine po telesu imam zjutraj in proti večeru. V službo se vozim z električnim kolesom pol ure tako, da vso pot vrtim pedala, ni pa naporno, ker mi malo pomaga elektrika. Tako noge niso preveč obremenjene, ker ne hodim veliko. Ob zmernem delu bi bilo kar v redu. Če pa kakšen dan petiravam, se potem zopet počutim slabše. Gupta pravi, da naj nadaljujem do popolne ozdravitve.
Breda
Gupta mi je pisal,da deluje program tudi za socialno fobijo.
Dear Breda,
We often get asked the following question:
Does the programme help with associated anxiety?
Yes, the programme helps you understand the link between physical, mental and emotional stress, and how that impacts on your physical health. So anxiety can make symptoms worse, and therefore some later sessions of the programme help a patient combat stress and anxiety to maintain recovery. Later sessions also help to understand how you can get back into a normal life and maintain wellness.
Kind regards
Ashok
Dear Breda,
PERMISSION TO REPOST ONLINE AND FORWARD TO OTHERS
Recently you may have read about the “XMRV” virus, and how it might be involved in ME/CFS. I have spent the last few weeks researching the area, and have written a draft medical paper (below) which explains how the XMRV findings fit with the Amygdala Hyperarousal Model for ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia.
Essentially I believe that XMRV may simply represent one of many opportunistic infections in the bodies of patients. Its presence may simply be due to a weakened immune system caused by chronic overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, allowing opportunistic infections to flourish. Once the amygdala is retrained, the immune system can come back to balance and fight off these infections. This is probably why many patients do recover from ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia yet have not taken any anti-viral medication. Further research is required to see whether XMRV actually in any way might contribute to ME/CFS.
PERMISSION TO REPOST ONLINE AND FORWARD TO OTHERS
How XMRV Retrovirus Findings May Fit With The Amygdala Hyperarousal Model for ME/CFS (draft)
Background
Recently scientists from the Whittemore Peterson Institute (WPI) led by Dr Mikovits, claim to have discovered a retroviral link to ME/CFS (1). This pioneering research has identified a retrovirus called XMRV, shown to be active in two-thirds of patients (published), and antibodies for the virus were present in 95% of patient (unpublished research). The samples were taken from outbreaks of ME/CFS in the 80’s and 90’s.
Mikovits’ team said further research must now determine whether XMRV directly causes CFS, is just a passenger virus in the suppressed immune systems of sufferers, or a pathogen that acts in concert with other viruses that have been implicated in the disorder by previous research.
The purpose of this paper is to hypothesise how these findings may fit with the Amygdala Hyperarousal Model for ME/CFS (2).
Three Potential Hypotheses
Overall there are three broad hypotheses that we can infer from the findings so far, as per Mikovits’ statement:
1. The XMRV virus directly causes the symptoms of ME/CFS
2. The XMRV virus indirectly causes ME/CFS by suppressing the immune system in concert with other pathogens, allowing opportunistic viral and bacterial infections to flourish causing the symptoms of ME/CFS
3. The XMRV virus is simply a passive opportunistic infection which establishes itself due to general suppression and dysfunction of the immune system from another source. (This general immune dysfunction may be caused by autonomic dysfunction as a result of amygdala hyperarousal).
Evaluation
There are two broad aspects to the immune system, TH1 and TH2. TH1 involves Natural Killer (NK) cells whose job it is to identify and destroy viruses. The TH2 side of the immune system involves, amongst other things, antibodies which respond to threats. There is evidence in the literature that patients with ME/CFS are “TH2” biased, i.e. the TH2 aspect of the immune system is over-activated, causing suppression of the TH1 side and high levels of inflammatory cytokines; patients have lower Natural Killer (NK) cell immunity. This bias may mean that opportunistic viruses and bacterial infections can no longer be kept at bay effectively by the TH1 side of the system.
RNase L conducts a function of holding the virus at bay until NK cells are available to eradicate the pathogen, however even the RNase L’s ability to perform this function can be compromised over time if TH2 dominates for too long. RNase L dysfunction was also reported in the prostate cancer cases of XMRV, although later research has not found a genetic link. In ME/CFS, any suspected Rnase L deficiency many simply be due to chronic TH2 dominance. If TH2 dominates for too long, it can be hypothesised that viruses such as HHV-6, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), CMV and Parvovirus B19 can flourish, as well as bacterial infections such as mycoplasma and chlamydia pneumonia.
It has been established that the majority of neurodegenerative disease, fatiguing illnesses and neurobehavioral disease patients have chronic bacterial and viral infections. (3). In fact the WPI research claimed to have found higher levels of XMRA in “atypical” MS and Autism.
The XMRV virus may simply represent one of many viral and bacterial infections present in the blood of ME/CFS patients, and that many of these previous infections (including EBV) had been previously prematurely suspected as the root cause of ME/CFS. There have been many previous studies which have shown similar results to those found for XMRV. As an example, a 2002 study found that out of 261 patients with ME/CFS, 68.6% of patients had active mycoplasma bacterial infection present compared to 5.6% of controls, a similar result to that found for XMRV (4). A 2003 study found that 30.5% of CFS patients had active HHV-6 virus present, but only 9% of controls (5). For Chlamydia pneumoniae it was 7.8% of CFS patients compared to 1% of controls (5). For Parvovirus B19, it was detected in 40% of CFS patients but only 15% of controls (6).
What was interesting in the 2003 (5) study was that having one particular infection did not predict the likelihood of having another infection. This may indicate that the infections themselves are not cumulatively affecting the strength of the immune system to fight off opportunistic infections, but that a general immune deficiency is allowing particular types of infections to establish themselves in a pattern unique to each patient.
According to the WPI research, 4% of healthy controls had active XMRV virus in their blood (versus 67% of ME/CFS patients), which is similar to the levels of active mycoplasma infection in healthy controls. Therefore presence of active XMRV does not necessarily predict ME/CFS, and would not support the first hypothesis. If 4% of the US population were found to have active XMRV pathogen in their blood, this would amount to over 10 million people. Yet there is no evidence that XMRV causes cancer where it is active, or that it has any effect on health. It is merely a suspected link in 23% of prostate cancer cases where it is found in 1% of surrounding tissue, with no causal link established at this stage; one hypothesis is that its presence is simply linked to immune deficiency. Once again, the XMRV virus was found in 6% of benign biopsies showing that its presence may be widespread in the general USA population. Further research however is critical.
It may be that XMRV may be a localised virus to the USA, especially since a recent report from Germany (7) found that out of 589 biopsies carried out on prostate cancer cases, not a single patient showed any evidence of XMRV. They conclude that “One possible reason for this could be a geographically restricted incidence of XMRV infections.” (7) The WPI research was carried out on documented ME/CFS outbreaks which represent a very small percentage of ME/CFS cases.
If 95% of ME/CFS patients show antibodies to XMRV (yet unpublished data from Mikovits’ team), yet only 67% show active virus, this could indicate that a third of ME/CFS patients no longer had the active XMRV virus, yet still were suffering from ME/CFS. If this is confirmed to be true, then the first hypothesis would seem redundant, and XMRV could only be the root cause of ME/CFS if the second hypothesis were correct, i.e. that XMRV had adversely affected the long term performance of the immune system. Alternatively the presence of antibodies could imply that the virus is still active in more that 67% of patients, but had not been picked up through previous methods. It would also be interesting to know the percentage of healthy controls that tested positive for XMRV antibodies which has not been revealed.
One way the link within the second hypothesis could be established, is to test whether the presence of active XMRV predicted higher levels of other opportunistic viruses and bacterial infections. According to the second hypothesis, presence of active XMRV should predict suppression of the immune system and further opportunistic pathogens. However, as previously mentioned, there is little evidence that having one opportunistic pathogen in ME/CFS predicts the likelihood of having another, therefore cumulative immune deficiency caused by XMRV attack is unlikely, otherwise previous studies would have highlighted this finding in the blood of ME/CFS patients. This once again seems to tentatively support the third hypothesis, in that XMRV may simply be a passive opportunistic virus similar to other herpes viruses such as HHV-6 and EBV. Even if presence of XMRV did predict the likelihood of secondary infection, it would still be difficult to infer causality.
The Amygdala Hyperarousal Model and XMRV
The Amygdala Hyperarousal model states that ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia may be caused by a conditioned trauma in the amygdala following an acute viral, bacterial or physical insult, combined with psycho-social distress. Once the classical and operant conditioning has occurred, the amygdala in association with the insula, become hyper-sensitive to signals from both the body and external stimuli, and magnify both the extent and frequency of the incoming stimuli in the sensory thalamus and cortex. This then produces the ME/CFS vicious circle, where an unconscious sensitivity reaction to symptoms causes chronic stimulation of the HPA axis, immune reactivation/dysfunction, chronic sympathetic stimulation leading to autonomic dysfunction, mental and physical exhaustion, allergies, compromised detoxification, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress and a host of other distressing symptoms and secondary complications. And these are exactly the symptoms that the amygdala, the insula, a
nd associated limbic structures are trained to monitor and respond to, perpetuating a vicious circle.
The Amygdala model predicts that there is likely to be TH2 dominance over TH1 due to overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. This has already been extensively documented in many studies of sympathetic overactivity due to acute stress and anxiety (8, 9, 10). Although an ME/CFS patient may not necessarily mentally experience acute stress or anxiety, the model predicts that the physiological aspects of the stress response are chronically engaged, thereby causing disruption in various systems of the body including the immune system. TH2 will dominate over TH1, causing a likely increase in opportunistic viral and bacterial pathogens such as XMRV, as well as an increase in allergic responses due to TH2 over-sensitivity, as well as increased propensity to produce antibodies. There is extensive evidence of increased chemical and physical sensitivities in patients. The parasympathetic system is suppressed, compromising digestive and detoxifying processes in the body.
Once the sympathetic autonomic system is conditioned to be chronically activated, it is very difficult for autonomic and Th1/Th2 balance to be restored. Opportunistic viruses and bacterial infections flourish, in themselves causing further symptoms in addition to the ones caused directly by amygdala hyperarousal.
In the field of Psychoneuroimmunology, many studies have shown that excessive sympathetic activity can have an immuno-suppressive effect on the body via Neuropeptide Y release, thereby pointing to another pathway by which excessive sympathetic stimulation may compromise immune function. A study by Fletcher et al (11) seems to model this effect in ME/CFS patients. ME/CFS patients tend to show low natural killer cell cytotoxicity, (NKCC), and it is known that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) suppresses NKCC. NPY is concentrated in the sympathetic nerve endings, and following stress, is released together with adrenaline and noradrenalin. Fletcher et al’s study tested the hypothesis that elevation of NPY occurs in ME/CFS and that the elevation of NPY is associated with severity of clinical symptoms. They found that NPY was significantly associated with severity of clinical symptoms, and that NPY could be a potential bio-marker for ME/CFS. This shows a direct link between levels of symptoms
, and sympathetic overactivity where the most likely culprit is amygdala hyperarousal.
The WPI team are working on the hypothesis that many of the symptoms of ME/CFS may be caused by XMRV attacking the cells of the immune system, thereby compromising immunity. However, there is potentially another culprit for reduced immunity as discussed: chronic sympathetic activity. This has already been shown to suppress general immunity and especially TH1 function, whilst at the same time causing TH2 dominance, inappropriately stimulating allergic responses in the immune system. (8,9,10)
There is a possibility that XMRV somehow directly affects TH1 function, and simultaneously directly affects the autonomic nervous system, however there is no evidence of this and further research is required.
What is most interesting about the XMRV announcement is that the team also found higher levels of XMRV in people with Autism and atypical Multiple Sclerosis (as yet unpublished). A study by Nicholson et al (12) looked at the presence of co-infections in ME/CFS patients versus patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The study found that both groups had higher incidence of multiple, systemic bacterial and viral infections compared to controls, but interestingly, both ME/CFS and Autism patients had very similar levels of active infections when compared to one another. Autism is a disorder where sustained amygdala hyperarousal is accepted as a model for partly explaining the disorder (13), so once again there is tentative support for the amygdala’s role in ME/CFS.
This is a very important finding because of the differences and commonalities between ME/CFS and Autism. We would not necessarily expect any commonalities with respect to infections as the conditions seem to have a very different neurobiological basis. However, the common factor may be sustained amygdala hyperarousal, but due to very different causes. The sustained amygdala hyperarousal in Autism may develop in early childhood due to socio-biological reasons, whereas sustained amygdala hyperarousal in ME/CFS may develop as a result of several co-curring acute factors triggering a conditioned trauma in the amygdala later in life. Both conditions then result in a unique pattern of chronic sympathetic stimulation, but for very different reasons, causing similar levels and types of opportunistic viral and bacterial infections. It is likely that the level of hyperarousal in ME/CFS is much more severe and dwarfs that of Autism, but both conditions exhibit enough of a chronic long t
erm sympathetic response to result in opportunistic infections.
Several recent studies have reported abnormalities in amygdala volume in Autism. (14,15). Furthermore, most studies in Autism show abnormal processing by the brain and the amygdala in response to emotional stimuli, and continual background amygdala hyperarousal is once again suspected (13). Further research is required to test any abnormalities in the function of the amygdala in patients with ME/CFS, which may not show up on standard brain scans. It would be interesting to understand the levels of active XMRV virus and antibodies in Autism.
Finally there are a host of physical changes in the brains and bodies of ME/CFS patients which have been well documented and which are consistent with the concept of chronic autonomic dysfunction. These findings cannot be ignored as a result of the XMRV announcement, but need to fit within an integrated hypothesis.
There are many patients who do recover from ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia over time, and yet may not have taken any kind of anti-viral medication. This may indicate that changes that a patient themselves initiate, may be enough to strengthen the immune system, bring the body back to homeostasis, and eradicate opportunistic infections such as the suspected XMRV.
How Amygdala Retraining Might Reduce XMRV and other Opportunistic Pathogen Levels
Amygdala retraining aims to reduce the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by creating a projecting neurone from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala to control its over-zealous reactions. This in turn would reduce the sympathetic overload, allowing TH1/Th2 ratios to gradually return to normal, allowing the body’s own immune system to fight off opportunistic infections such as the suspected XMRV. Symptoms from amygdala hyperarousal (including changes in the brain), and symptoms from opportunistic infections would then subside, as well as any allergic effects of TH2 dominance.
Amygdala retraining aims to bring homeostasis back to the body after a period of imbalance, where the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems returns to normal, as does the TH1/TH2 balance.
Conclusion
The WPI findings are indeed a step forward in ME/CFS research, and are significant findings. However, further research is required to validate the idea that XMRV is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of ME/CFS, versus being simply another passive co-curring infection such as mycoplasma, HHV-6 and EBV.
Amygdala retraining aims to reduce the levels of opportunistic infections such as the suspected XMRV virus by strengthening the immune system through balancing the TH1/TH2 ratio and bringing the body back to homeostasis.
Future Research
Further research is required to answer the following questions:
– What was the percentage of healthy controls that tested positive for XMRV antibodies? (The 3.7% figure seems to be referring to the percentage of healthy controls which tested positive for XRMV virus DNA rather than antibodies in unpublished research)
– What percentage of people with Autism display evidence of active virus or antibodies?
– What percentage of patients with other neurodegenerative disease, fatiguing illnesses and neurobehavioral disease show evidence of XMRV?
– Can the studies be replicated effectively across the ME/CFS population?
– Can the studies be replicated in different parts of the world?
– Why are controls which have active XMRV not displaying obvious pathology?
References
(1) Mikovits JA et al. Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Science. 2009 Oct 8
(2) Gupta, A. Unconscious Amygdalar Fear Conditioning in a Subset of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients. Medical Hypotheses Volume 59, Issue 6, 12 November 2002, Pages 727-735
(3) Nicolson, G.L. Chronic Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases. Lab Medicine 2008; 39 (5): 291-299
(4) Nijs J et al. High prevalence of Mycoplasma infections among European chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Examination of four Mycoplasma species in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002 Nov 15;34(3):209-14
(5) Nicolson GL et al. Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpes virus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: association with signs and symptoms. APMIS. 2003 May;111(5):557-66.
(6) Frémont M et al. Detection of herpesviruses and parvovirus B19 in gastric and intestinal mucosa of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. In Vivo. 2009 Mar-Apr;23(2):209-13
(7) Hohn 0 et al. Lack of evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in German prostate cancer patients. Retrovirology. 2009 Oct 16;6(1):92. [Epub ahead of print]
(8) Hashizume H et al. Anxiety accelerates T-helper 2-tilted immune responses in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Jun;152(6):1161-4
(9) Ermolao A et al. Relationship between stress hormones and immune response during high altitude exposure in women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009 May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
(10) Höglund CO et al. Changes in immune regulation in response to examination stress in atopic and healthy individuals. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006 Aug;36(8):969-71.
(11) Fletcher AM et al. Neuropeptide Y (NPY): Correlates with Symptom Severity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Abstract of presentation to IACFS/ME Conference, Mar 2009, Reno, Nevada
(12) Nicolson G. et al. (2009) Similarities of CFS and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Comparison of Blood Co-Infections. (Source: Abstract of presentation to IACFS/ME Conference, Mar 2009, Reno, Nevada. By Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL, Haier J. The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, USA; Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Munster, Germany.
(13) Kleinhans NM et al. Reduced neural habituation in the amygdala and social impairments in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;166(4):467-75
(14) Schumann CM et al. Amygdala Enlargement in Toddlers with Autism Related to Severity of Social and Communication Impairments. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Sep 1 [Epub ahead of print]
(15) Mosconi MW et al. Longitudinal study of amygdala volume and joint attention in 2- to 4-year-old children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):509-16.
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Potem sem našla isto na internetu, morda bi kdo uredil pevod:
http://translate.google.si/translate?hl=sl&sl=en&u=http://planetthrive.com/2009/10/how-xmrv-retrovirus-findings-may-fit-with-the-amygdala-hyperarousal-model-for-mecfs/&ei=1hjqSuPhGo6omAPEiOiaDw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DNew%2BXMRV%2BVirus%2BFindings%2B%2526%2BHow%2BIt%2BFits%2BWith%2BThe%2BGupta%2BProgramme%26hl%3Dsl%26rlz%3D1T4ADBF_enSI272SI272
Breda
Še dva mesca, pa bo minilo eno leto. V enem letu naj bi se pozdravila. Priznam, da nisem vztrajala, ker je bilo vsega preveč. Težko je izvajati Gupta program v službi, poleg tega pa mi je postalo sčasoma dolgočasno in enolično. Vrnila sem se nazaj na EFT zato, ker sem verjela, da je to boljše. Pravzaprav sem si izmislila svojo kombinacijo, združila sem oboje. EFT in Gupto. Rekla sem si, če z Gupto in z EFT-jem preprogramiraš možgane, Z Gupto traja 1 leto, z ET pa takoj, bo kombinacija krasna, povprečje je pol leta, upam pa, da bo prej. En teden je bilo krasno, bila sem skoraj zdrava. Rekla sem si, še malo, pa bo. Združila sem vizualizacijo od Gupte in EFT od Garyja. Ker sem seveda z vsem pretiravala, vsi so mi govorili, kako dobro izgledam, sem po enem tednu obležala, utrujena in vsa v bolečinah. Potem ni več delovalo tako kot prej. Zato verjamem, da je bistvo v preprogramiranju možganov. Če bi se posvetila samo svojemu zdravljenju, zmerno, bi mi verjetno uspelo, ker pa imam še kup drugih obveznosti, je pa to težko. Vsak dan zjutraj najmanj 1 uro, zvečer najmanj 1 uro, potem pa še čez dan, eno in isto, vsak dan 365 dni. Gupta pavi, da moraš delati kar naprej, ne glede na to kako se počutiš. Enkrat bolje, drugič slabše, delaš pa kar naprej, čeprav se počutiš včasih malo bedasto. Vse je postalo preveč monotono. Nisem uspela pretrenirati svoje amigdale. Vseeno pa mi je koristilo. Veliko sem se naučila. Nučila sem se, da je vizualizacija zelo pomembna. Vizualiziraš si, da si zdrav, predstravljaš si, da počneš tisto, kar si počel takrat, ko si bil še zdrav, in se resnično bolje počutiš. Utrujenost je manjša.
Januarja so na Mayo kliniki začeli z z Gupta programom na 30 pacientih. Bomo videli, kaj bo.
http://planetthrive.com/2010/01/mayo-clinic-recruiting-cfsfms-patients-for-amygdala-retraining-study/
Breda