http://mt93.eu5.org
je sploh kaksna moznost da bi se dokumentirala istovetnost bakterij na kozi in v venski krvi, nasploh tisto kar je prikazano na zgornjem naslovu
Na infekcijskem mi je rekel da oni niso opremljeni za mycobakterije , kar velja za pomurje , verjetno tudi za maribor ker da se s temi bakterijami ukvarjajo samo v Ljubljani.
Pri nas umirajo mladi
Ne vem kako pameten mora nekdo biti da razume ,ce je bakterija prisotna v kapilarni krvi potem je tudi v venski krvi /mora BITI sterilna // vmes ni nobenega filtra ki bi filtriral 8mikronov eritrocite od 1 mikron velike bakterije
ocitno je se vedno dosovolj idiotov ki se ne morejo opredeliti ali so na slikah sploh bakterije, idioti ki imajo interes da se ne bi dokazovalo etc.
predpostavljam da tezko razumete, ampak bolj preprosto ne gre, potem bi bilo ze malo pretirano

Pozdravljeni,

iz vašega besedila nisem čisto dobro razbrala bistvo težave. Mikrobiologi so tisti strokovnjaki, ki vam lahko najbolje povedo katere teste izvajamo v Sloveniji za ugotavljanje posameznih bakterij.

Je pa res, da s pravilno metodo identifikacije bakterije lahko ugotovimo ali je izvor bakterije isti. Bakterija iste vrste je enaka v vsaki krvi, če se nahaja v krvni plazmi; če je kri eden od njenih “bivalnih tekočin”.

Teste izvajajo posebej v bolnišnicah in zdravstvenih domovih.
V kliničnih centrih, infekcijski kliniki in univerzitetnih institucijah imajo sigurno bolj precizne teste, diagnostiko za ugotavljanje , identifikacijo posameznih bakterij, še posebej takšnih kot so mikobakterije.

Kot biolog vam lahko samo za vašo osnovno predstavo povem, da se bakterije lahko identificira s pomočjo več vrst mikroskopov. Za dobro morfološko ločitev bakterij se uporabljajo elektronski in scan mikroskopi. Pri nekaterih od mikroskopov se lahko uporablja žive bakterije, pri drugih se jih z različnimi metodami barvanja, označevanja pripravi za identifikacijo.

Bakterije se identificira tudi s pomočjo kromatografije, DNA sekvenčnikov,…..in še cel kup analiz, testov, ki se izvajajo s pomočjo izbranih aparatur. Te aparature so izredno drage, zato jih imajo le večji raziskovalni in/ali klinični centri.

Marsikatere bakterije so redkejše, imajo lahko lastnosti bakterij, glivic in/ali virusov. Zato je njihova identifikacija težja in rabi resnično dobrega, izkušenega strokovnjaka mikrobiologa.
Mikobakterije so ena od takih bakterij, ki ima tudi nekaj podobnosti z glivicami. Med mikobakterije štejemo cel kup bakterij, tudi tuberkuloza tako kot malarija sta posledica okužbe z eno od oblik mikobakterije.
Poslala vam bom nekaj osnovnih podatkov o mikobakterijah ( v angleščini).

Mogoče nasvet za vas: obrnite se na mikrobiologijo Medicinske fakultete in tam vam bodo lahko dali bolj precizne odgovore na vaša vprašanja.

Nekaj potrpežljivosti in strpnosti in pravilne komunikacije potrebujemo v naših zdravstvenih ustanovah in lahko dosežemo tisto, kar smo želeli: dobiti odgovor. Ljudje smo ljudje, vedno in povsod. Eni smo odprti, drugi zaprti. Eni veliko znamo, drugi nič. Eni radi pomagamo, drugi zopet ne. Eni…… pa smo lahko kuharji, zdravniki, učitelji, natakarji,pravniki, delavci, medicinske sestre, gospodinje,prodajalci,finančniki……

lp m

Nekaj o mikobakterijah ( wikipedia, poglej pod Mycobacteria):

Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae).[1] The Latin prefix “myco—” means both fungus and wax; its use here reflects the “waxy” compounds that compose parts of the cell wall (see Discussion for details)’.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Microbiologic characteristics
o 1.1 Pigmentation
o 1.2 Staining characteristics
* 2 Ecological characteristics
* 3 Pathogenicity
o 3.1 Medical classification
* 4 Phenotypic testing
* 5 Mycosides
* 6 Species
o 6.1 Slowly growing
+ 6.1.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
+ 6.1.2 Mycobacterium avium complex
+ 6.1.3 Mycobacterium gordonae clade
+ 6.1.4 Mycobacterium kansasii clade
+ 6.1.5 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade
+ 6.1.6 Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
+ 6.1.7 Mycobacterium simiae clade
+ 6.1.8 Ungrouped
o 6.2 Intermediate growth rate
o 6.3 Rapidly growing
+ 6.3.1 Mycobacterium chelonae clade
+ 6.3.2 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
+ 6.3.3 Mycobacterium parafortuitum clade
+ 6.3.4 Mycobacterium vaccae clade
+ 6.3.5 CF
+ 6.3.6 Ungrouped
o 6.4 Ungrouped
* 7 References
o 7.1 Further reading
* 8 External links

[edit] Microbiologic characteristics
Mycobacterial cell wall: 1-outer lipids, 2-mycolic acid, 3-polysaccharides (arabinogalactan), 4-peptidoglycan, 5-plasma membrane, 6-lipoarabinomannan (LAM), 7-phosphatidylinositol mannoside, 8-cell wall skeleton

Mycobacteria are aerobic and nonmotile bacteria (except for the species Mycobacterium marinum, which has been shown to be motile within macrophages) that are characteristically acid-alcohol fast.[1] Mycobacteria do not contain endospores or capsules and are usually considered Gram-positive. A recent paper in PNAS showed sporulation in Mycobacterium marinum and perhaps in M. bovis [2]. However, this has been strongly argued by other scientists [3]. While mycobacteria do not seem to fit the Gram-positive category from an empirical standpoint (i.e. they generally do not retain the crystal violet stain well), they are classified as an acid-fast Gram-positive bacterium due to their lack of an outer cell membrane. All Mycobacterium species share a characteristic cell wall, thicker than in many other bacteria, which is hydrophobic, waxy, and rich in mycolic acids/mycolates. The cell wall consists of the hydrophobic mycolate layer and a peptidoglycan layer held together by a polysaccharide, arabinogalactan. The cell wall makes a substantial contribution to the hardiness of this genus. The biosynthetic pathways of cell wall components are potential targets for new drugs for tuberculosis.[4]

Many Mycobacterium species adapt readily to growth on very simple substrates, using ammonia or amino acids as nitrogen sources and glycerol as a carbon source in the presence of mineral salts. Optimum growth temperatures vary widely according to the species and range from 25 °C to over 50 °C.

Some species can be very difficult to culture (i.e. they are fastidious), sometimes taking over two years to develop in culture.[citation needed] Further, some species also have extremely long reproductive cycles — M. leprae, may take more than 20 days to proceed through one division cycle (for comparison, some E. coli strains take only 20 minutes), making laboratory culture a slow process.[1] In addition, the availability of genetic manipulation techniques still lags far behind that of other bacterial species.[5]

A natural division occurs between slowly– and rapidly–growing species. Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the naked eye within seven days on subculture are termed rapid growers, while those requiring longer periods are termed slow growers. Mycobacteria cells are straight or slightly curved rods between 0.2-0.6 µm wide by 1.0-10 µm long.
[edit] Pigmentation

Some mycobacteria produce carotenoid pigments without light. Others require photoactivation for pigment production.

Photochromogens (Group I)
Produce nonpigmented colonies when grown in the dark and pigmented colonies only after exposure to light and reincubation.

* Ex: M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. simiae.

Scotochromogens (Group II)
Produce deep yellow to orange colonies when grown in the presence of either the light or dark.

* Ex: M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, M. xenopi, M. szulgai.

Non-chromogens (Groups III & IV)
Nonpigmented in the light and dark or have only a pale yellow, buff or tan pigment that does not intensify after light exposure.

* Ex: M. tuberculosis, M. avium-intra-cellulare, M. bovis, M. ulcerans
* Ex: M. fortuitum, M. chelonae

[edit] Staining characteristics

Mycobacteria are classical acid-fast organisms.[6] Stains used in evaluation of tissue specimens or microbiological specimens include Fite’s stain, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, and Kinyoun stain.

Mycobacteria appear phenotypically most closely related to members of Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium.
[edit] Ecological characteristics

Mycobacteria are widespread organisms, typically living in water (including tap water treated with chlorine) and food sources. Some, however, including the tuberculosis and the leprosy organisms, appear to be obligate parasites and are not found as free-living members of the genus.
[edit] Pathogenicity

Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. For example, billions of people around the world have asymptomatic infections of M. tuberculosis.

Mycobacterial infections are notoriously difficult to treat. The organisms are hardy due to their cell wall, which is neither truly Gram negative nor positive. Additionally, they are naturally resistant to a number of antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall biosynthesis, such as penicillin. Due to their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics. Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.

As with other bacterial pathogens, surface and secreted proteins of M. tuberculosis contribute significantly to the virulence of this organism. There is an increasing list of extracytoplasmic proteins proven to have a function in the virulence of M. tuberculosis.[7]
[edit] Medical classification

Mycobacteria can be classified into several major groups for purpose of diagnosis and treatment: M. tuberculosis complex, which can cause tuberculosis: M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti; M. leprae, which causes Hansen’s disease or leprosy; Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are all the other mycobacteria, which can cause pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease.
[edit] Phenotypic testing

Various phenotypic tests can be used to identify and distinguish different Mycobacteria species and strains.

Phenotypic testing of Mycobacteria
[edit] Mycosides

Mycosides are phenolic alcohols (such as phenolphthiocerol) that were shown to be components of mycobacterium glycolipids that are termed glycosides of phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosate (Smith DW et al., Nature 1960, 186, 887) There are 18 and 20 carbon atoms in mycosides A, and B, respectively.[8]
[edit] Species
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.

In older systems, mycobacteria are grouped based upon their appearance and rate of growth. However, these are symplesiomorphies, and more recent classification is based upon cladistics.
[edit] Slowly growing
[edit] Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

* Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:

M. tuberculosis, the major cause of human tuberculosis
M. bovis
M. bovis BCG
M. africanum
M. canetti
M. caprae
M. microti
M. pinnipedii

[edit] Mycobacterium avium complex

* Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. Species in this complex include:

M. avium
M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn’s disease in humans and Johne’s disease in cattle and sheep
M. avium silvaticum
M. avium “hominissuis”
M. colombiense

[edit] Mycobacterium gordonae clade

* M. asiaticum
* M. gordonae

[edit] Mycobacterium kansasii clade

* M. gastri
* M. kansasii

[edit] Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade

* M. hiberniae
* M. nonchromogenicum
* M. terrae
* M. triviale

[edit] Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria

* M. ulcerans, which causes the “Buruli”, or “Bairnsdale, ulcer”
* M. pseudoshottsii
* M. shottsii

[edit] Mycobacterium simiae clade

* M. triplex
* M. genavense
* M. florentinum
* M. lentiflavum
* M. palustre
* M. kubicae
* M. parascrofulaceum
* M. heidelbergense
* M. interjectum
* M. simiae

[edit] Ungrouped

* M. branderi
* M. cookii
* M. celatum
* M. bohemicum
* M. haemophilum
* M. malmoense
* M. szulgai
* M. leprae, which causes leprosy
* M. lepraemurium
* M. lepromatosis, another (less significant) cause of leprosy, described in 2008
* M. africanum
* M. botniense
* M. chimaera
* M. conspicuum
* M. doricum
* M. farcinogenes
* M. heckeshornense
* M. intracellulare
* M. lacus
* M. marinum
* M. monacense
* M. montefiorense
* M. murale
* M. nebraskense
* M. saskatchewanense
* M. scrofulaceum
* M. shimoidei
* M. tusciae
* M. xenopi

[edit] Intermediate growth rate

* M. intermedium

[edit] Rapidly growing
[edit] Mycobacterium chelonae clade

* M. abscessus
* M. chelonae
* M. bolletii

[edit] Mycobacterium fortuitum clade

* M. fortuitum
* M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
* M. boenickei
* M. peregrinum
* M. porcinum
* M. senegalense
* M. septicum
* M. neworleansense
* M. houstonense
* M. mucogenicum
* M. mageritense
* M. brisbanense
* M. cosmeticum

[edit] Mycobacterium parafortuitum clade

* M. parafortuitum
* M. austroafricanum
* M. diernhoferi
* M. hodleri
* M. neoaurum
* M. frederiksbergense

[edit] Mycobacterium vaccae clade

* M. aurum
* M. vaccae

[edit] CF

* M. chitae
* M. fallax

[edit] Ungrouped

* M. confluentis
* M. flavescens
* M. madagascariense
* M. phlei
* M. smegmatis
o M. goodii
o M. wolinskyi
* M. thermoresistibile
* M. gadium
* M. komossense
* M. obuense
* M. sphagni
* M. agri
* M. aichiense
* M. alvei
* M. arupense
* M. brumae
* M. canariasense
* M. chubuense
* M. conceptionense
* M. duvalii
* M. elephantis
* M. gilvum
* M. hassiacum
* M. holsaticum
* M. immunogenum
* M. massiliense
* M. moriokaense
* M. psychrotolerans
* M. pyrenivorans
* M. vanbaalenii
* M. pulveris

[edit] Ungrouped

* M. arosiense
* M. aubagnense
* M. caprae
* M. chlorophenolicum
* M. fluoroanthenivorans
* M. kumamotonense
* M. novocastrense
* M. parmense
* M. phocaicum
* M. poriferae
* M. rhodesiae
* M. seoulense
* M. tokaiense

[edit] References

1. ^ a b c Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
2. ^ Ghosh, Jaydip, Pontus Larsson, Bhupender Singh, B M Fredrik Pettersson, Nurul M Islam, Sailendra Nath Sarkar, Santanu Dasgupta, y Leif A Kirsebom. 2009. Sporulation in mycobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 26 (Junio 30): 10781-10786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541637
3. ^ Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. Do mycobacteria produce endospores? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
4. ^ Bhamidi S (2009). “Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan”. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.
5. ^ Parish T, Brown A (editors) (2009). Mycobacterium: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-40-0.
6. ^ McMurray DN (1996). “Mycobacteria and Nocardia”. In Baron S et al. (eds.). Baron’s Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.1772.
7. ^ McCann et al. (2009). “Secreted and Exported Proteins Important to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis”. Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-42-4.
8. ^ fatty alcohols and aldehydes